Wednesday, July 23, 2014

浅谈Java面试过程中的Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism




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在Java面试过程中,我们通常会被问到作为一门OOP的语言,最主要的特点有哪些? 或许很多同学在实际的应用中都能够慢慢的总结出OOP这种语言在实际工作中所带来的便利,有些时候我们却发现这些OOP的基本特点我们虽然知道但是我们却很难系统地,准确地表达给面试官。在这里,包子帮助各位同学进行总结,让大家能有深刻的了解,感觉萌萌哒~


Q: What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?
上面这道题是面试中常常会被问道的。有些时候面试官很直接地想面试者说出这三个代表着OOP的关键词,就是想考察面试者是否能够了解这三词的在OOP中的含义。然而有些时候,面试官并没有直接指出这三个关键词,这时候就是想考察面试者是否有足够的基本知识能够知道OOP的特性。
作为一个通用的解答,每个关键词都可以用简短的一句话来进行详细的补充:
Encapsulation: is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.
Inheritance: is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object
Polymorphism: is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.
知道这些词的描述只能帮助我们给面试官开始留下一个较好的印象,但是对于那些要求比较高面试,面试官想考察面试者是否能够真正的了解这些特性。


下面我们包子就会详细地为大家解读隐藏在这些关键词背后信息
  • Encapsulation:
Encapsulation 作为OOP fundamental concepts之一是经常被考察的对象。 我们常说OOP 的coding要考虑到maintainability, flexibility and extensibility,换句话说, Encapsulation的好坏直接影响着code本身的质量。Open for extension, Closed for modification.
从下面的例子中我们可以发现Encapsulation的作用:
/* File name : EncapTest.java */
public class EncapTest{


  private String name;
  private String idNum;
  private int age;


  public int getAge(){
     return age;
  }


  public String getName(){
     return name;
  }


  public String getIdNum(){
     return idNum;
  }


  public void setAge( int newAge){
     age = newAge;
  }


  public void setName(String newName){
     name = newName;
  }


  public void setIdNum( String newId){
     idNum = newId;
  }
}


在上述的例子里我们可以看出Class EncapTest有两个private的member, 分别是 name 和 idNum. 但是我们向外部提供了public的接口允许我们去做set跟get的action. 或许有人会问上述的例子中,getter跟setter其实跟直接获取attributes或者给attributes赋值没有任何区别,但是为什么我们还是需要提供getter或者setter呢?
其实上述的例子只是一个最为基本的概念,在实际应用中,如果我们将attributes变成public, 那么用户就可以随意的set其中的value, 这在工业上是一种相当危险的行为,因此大多数的setter内部都会调用相应的的validation作为检查,这样customer的input只有在通过检查,符合的规定之后才能后对里面的attribute进行赋值。当然,想getter和setter这种boiler plate的代码都可以自动生成,或者直接用attribute定义,比如Java的Lombok, etc
Benefits of Encapsulation:
  • The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.
  • A class can have total control over what is stored in its fields.
  • The users of a class do not know how the class stores its data. A class can change the data type of a field and users of the class do not need to change any of their code.


  • Inheritance:
在Java的面试过程中,有时候面试官会问面试者什么是 IS-A relationship? 其实IS-A relationship就指的是Inheritance。
下面的例子很好的阐述了Is-A relationship:
public class Animal{
}


public class Mammal extends Animal{
}


public class Reptile extends Animal{
}


public class Dog extends Mammal{
}


我们有一个基本类叫做Animal, 然后我们定义了如下IS-A relationship. Mammal 是一种 Animal,  Reptile 是另外一种 Animal. Mammal跟Reptile是相互并行的关系,他们的共同点就是他们都是一种 Animal.  而最后的 Dog 被明确的指出就是一种 Mammal 同时,我们也能说Dog 是一种 Animal.
Now, if we consider the IS-A relationship, we can say:
Mammal IS-A Animal
Reptile IS-A Animal
Dog IS-A Mammal
Hence : Dog IS-A Animal as well
下面的例子更好的诠释了IS-A relationship的含义:
public class Dog extends Mammal{


  public static void main(String args[]){


     Animal a = new Animal();
     Mammal m = new Mammal();
     Dog d = new Dog();


     System.out.println(m instanceof Animal);
     System.out.println(d instanceof Mammal);
     System.out.println(d instanceof Animal);
  }
}
This would produce the following result:
true
true
true


  • Polymorphism:
从字面上理解,多态就是一种类型表现出多种状态。多态在Java用有两种实现方式, 我们通常称为静态绑定跟动态绑定。
静态绑定就是说在程序运行之前进行绑定,由编译器和连接程序实现。比如overloading。
动态绑定在运行时根据对象的类型进行绑定,由方法调用机制实现。比如overriding
如何理解多态,请看下面的例子:
/* File name : Employee.java */
public class Employee
{
  private String name;
  private String address;
  private int number;
  public Employee(String name, String address, int number)
  {
     System.out.println("Constructing an Employee");
     this.name = name;
     this.address = address;
     this.number = number;
  }
  public void mailCheck()
  {
     System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name
      + " " + this.address);
  }
  public String toString()
  {
     return name + " " + address + " " + number;
  }
  public String getName()
  {
     return name;
  }
  public String getAddress()
  {
     return address;
  }
  public void setAddress(String newAddress)
  {
     address = newAddress;
  }
  public int getNumber()
  {
    return number;
  }
}


/* File name : Salary.java */
public class Salary extends Employee
{
  private double salary; //Annual salary
  public Salary(String name, String address, int number, double
     salary)
  {
      super(name, address, number);
      setSalary(salary);
  }
  public void mailCheck()
  {
      System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class ");
      System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName()
      + " with salary " + salary);
  }
  public double getSalary()
  {
      return salary;
  }
  public void setSalary(double newSalary)
  {
      if(newSalary >= 0.0)
      {
         salary = newSalary;
      }
  }
  public double computePay()
  {
     System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
     return salary/52;
  }
}
/* File name : VirtualDemo.java */
public class VirtualDemo
{
  public static void main(String [] args)
  {
     Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP", 3, 3600.00);
     Employee e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA", 2, 2400.00);
     System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary reference --");
     s.mailCheck();
     System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee reference--");
     e.mailCheck();
   }
}
This would produce the following result:
Constructing an Employee
Constructing an Employee
Call mailCheck using Salary reference --
Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to Mohd Mohtashim with salary 3600.0


Call mailCheck using Employee reference--
Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to John Adams with salary 2400.0


  • REFERENCE:

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